Assessment of Crop Residues Energy Potential and Efficient Usage in the South-western Zone of Afghanistan
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
In the south-western zone of Afghanistan (Kandahar, Helmand, Urozgan and Zabul) about 807,890 tons of wheat, 945 tons of rice, 46,164 tons of barley and 105,276 tons of maize were produced in 2016-17. Based on the residues to product ratio (RPR) of the crops (1.8 for wheat straw, 1.5 rice stalks, 0.2 for rice husk, 1.3 for barely straw and 2 for maize stalks) about 1,454,202 tons of wheat straw, 1,418 tons of rice stalks, 189 tons of rice husk, 60,013 tons of barely straw and 210,552 tons of maize stalks were generated in the south-western zone of the country. By considering the lower heating values (LHV) of the crop residues (13.76 MJ/kg for wheat straw, 12.81 MJ/kg for rice stalks, 16.33 MJ/kg for rice husk, 13.97 MJ/kg for barely straw and 13.22 MJ/kg for maize stalks), it was resulted that 20,010 TJ energy can be generated from wheat straw, 18 TJ from rice stalks, 3 TJ from rice husk, 838 TJ from barely straw and 2,783 TJ from maize stalks. Cumulatively, around 23,653 TJ of energy can be generated from the selected crop residues in the south-western zone of Afghanistan in 2016-17. These crop residues are mainly used for cooking by using the very inefficient three stone cook stoves (η = 12.6%) and two support cook stoves (η = 13%). To use these crop residues more efficiently, it is advised to replace the mentioned inefficient cook stove with improved Chulha and Anagi II cook stoves, which have an efficiency of 21% and 22% and can save off to 43% and 40% fuel wood, respectively compared to the traditionally used cook stoves.
References
Anelia Milbrandt, R. O. (2011). Assessment of Biomass Resources in Afghanistan. 1617Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401: National Renewable Energy Labratory.
Mohammad, A., Shrestha, P., & Kumar, S. (2013). Urban residential energy use in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Cities, 32(0), 135-142. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.04.002
Ashmore, J. (2002). Analysis of heating and Cooking Fuels and stoves in Refugee, IDP and local Settlements, Kabul, Herat, Afghanistan march 2002, http://www.shelterproject.org/downloads/peer1rep/stoves_06_02.pdf
Noori, A. G. (2015). Assessment of Slected Biomass Enegy Potential and Technology in Afghanistan. Energy field of study AIT Thailand.
NEPA, (2012). National Enviromental Protection Agency, Afghanistan Initial National Commission to the United Nation Framwork Convention on Climate Change, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/afgnc1.pdf
MAIL, (2012). Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestok, Agriculture Prospects Report, http://mail.gov.af/Content/Media/Documents/MAIL_Agriculture_Prospects_Report_2012Jul8th138201211537380553325325.pdf
EIA, (2017). Energy Information Administration, Overview data for Afghanistan, Available online: http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=AF#tpe Accessed on: 08/9/2017
NRVA, (2007-8). National Risk and Vulnerablity Assessment, A profile of Afghanistan, http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp213398.pdf
UNIDATA, (1990). Afghanistan, Kandahar Provence, A Socio economic Profile, http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/areu/Upload/8781/Afghanistan_Kandahar_province_UNIDATA_1991.pdf
MRRD, (2013). Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development, Kandahar Provincial Profile, http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/239/Kandahar%20Provincial%20Profile.pdf
Bhattacharya, S. C., Abdul Salam, P., Runqing, H., Somashekar, H. I., Racelis, D. A., Rathnasiri, P. G., & Yingyuad, R. (2005). An assessment of the potential for non-plantation biomass resources in selected Asian countries for 2010. Biomass and Bioenergy, 29(3), 153-166. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.03.004
CSO, (2017). Central Statistices Organization, Publication & Surveys, statistical year book, Available online: http://cso.gov.af/en/page/1500/4722, Accessed on: 15/8/2017
Practical Action, (1988). How to make SriLanka’s Anagi II cook Stove, https://www.engineeringforchange.org/static/content/Energy/S00030/how_to_make_sri_lankas_anagi_stove.pdf
FAO, (1993). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Indian improved cook stoves: A Compendium, http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD585E/ad585e00.pdf
Downloads
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.
Submission of the manuscript represents that the manuscript has not been published previously and is not considered for publication elsewhere.